Recognising Depression in Adolescents: Signs, Symptoms, and Next Steps

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Adolescence is a time of significant change—physically, emotionally, and socially. While mood swings and occasional low periods are a normal part of growing up, persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, or withdrawal may indicate something more serious: depression. Recognising the signs early and taking appropriate action can make a world of difference in a young person’s mental health and overall well-being.

Understanding Depression in Adolescents

Depression is more than just feeling sad. It is a serious mental health condition that affects thoughts, feelings, and behaviours. For adolescents, who are already navigating the challenges of identity, friendships, and academic pressure, depression can be particularly overwhelming. Without proper support, it can impact school performance, relationships, and even physical health.

Signs and Symptoms to Look For

Depression in adolescents doesn’t always present in the way many expect. While some young people may seem visibly sad or withdrawn, others might express their distress through irritability, anger, or risky behaviours. Some key signs to look for include:

Persistent sadness or hopelessness

Feeling down most of the time, with no clear reason.

Loss of interest in activities

No longer enjoying hobbies, sports, or social events they once loved.

Changes in sleep patterns

Sleeping too much or struggling with insomnia.

Withdrawal from friends and family

Avoiding social situations and preferring to be alone.

Irritability or anger

Being unusually frustrated, easily annoyed, or lashing out.

Difficulty concentrating

Struggling to focus on schoolwork or making decisions.

Changes in appetite

Eating significantly more or less than usual.

Physical complaints

Frequent headaches, stomach aches, or unexplained aches and pains.

Self-harm or thoughts of suicide

Engaging in self-injury or expressing thoughts of hopelessness or suicide (this requires immediate attention).

Not all adolescents will show all of these signs, and some may attempt to hide how they are feeling. It’s important for parents, teachers, and caregivers to be attuned to changes in behaviour and mood over time.

Why Depression Can Be Difficult to Identify in Teens

Teenagers are naturally prone to emotional ups and downs, making it easy for depression to be mistaken for normal adolescent behaviour. Additionally, many teens struggle to articulate their feelings, making it difficult for them to seek help on their own. Some may also fear being judged or believe that their feelings aren’t valid, causing them to bottle up their emotions.

What to Do if You Suspect Your Teen is Depressed

If you’re concerned that an adolescent in your life may be struggling with depression, the most important thing you can do is provide a safe space for them to talk. Here are some steps to take:

• Start a conversation: Express your concerns in a non-judgmental way. Instead of saying, “You seem depressed,” try, “I’ve noticed you’ve been quieter than usual. Is everything okay?”

• Listen without fixing: Resist the urge to jump in with solutions. Sometimes, just feeling heard can be incredibly validating.

• Encourage professional help: A psychologist, counsellor, or GP can help assess symptoms and provide the right support.

• Normalise help-seeking: Let them know that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness.

• Monitor for safety concerns: If they express suicidal thoughts, seek immediate professional intervention.

Supporting a Teen with Depression

If a young person has been diagnosed with depression, there are many ways parents, teachers, and caregivers can offer support:

• Validate their feelings: Acknowledge their emotions without minimising them. Avoid phrases like, “You have nothing to be sad about.” Instead, say, “I can see you’re feeling really overwhelmed, and I’m here for you.”

• Encourage small steps: Depression can make even basic tasks feel daunting. Encourage small, achievable goals, like getting out of bed, taking a shower, or spending a little time outside.

• Create a routine: Consistent daily routines can provide a sense of stability and predictability.

• Promote healthy habits: Encourage balanced nutrition, exercise, and good sleep hygiene.

• Be patient: Recovery takes time. Some days will be better than others, and that’s okay.

• Stay connected: Keep communication open, even if they seem distant. Let them know you’re always available to talk.

The Role of Professional Support

Depression is treatable, and professional support can make a significant difference. Therapy can help adolescents reframe negative thoughts and develop coping strategies. In some cases, medication may also be recommended. A mental health professional can assess individual needs and develop an appropriate plan.

Encouraging a Culture of Open Conversations

One of the best ways to support adolescent mental health is by fostering an environment where emotions can be openly discussed. Parents and educators can:

• Model emotional awareness: Share how you manage stress and emotions in a healthy way.

• Destigmatise mental health: Reinforce that seeking help is just as important as treating physical health concerns.

• Encourage peer support: Friends play a crucial role in adolescent well-being. Encourage young people to check in on each other.

Recognising depression early and providing compassionate support can make all the difference in a young person’s journey towards mental well-being. By creating a culture of openness, seeking professional help when needed, and offering unwavering support, we can empower adolescents to navigate their mental health with confidence.

Authors: Brodi Killen, Stephanie Mace and Samantha Pearce

Educational and Developmental Psychologists and Counselling Psychologist - With You Allied Health Directors